Showing posts with label and. Show all posts
Showing posts with label and. Show all posts

Wednesday, March 18, 2015

BRIEF REVIEW OF PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELL

Life scientists have separated cells into two sorts: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic.
The distinction between these two categories of cells is primarily based upon the structure of their core i.e. nuclei. 

In prokaryotic cells, the heritable material (DNA) is without any membrane covering and is openly submerged in the cytoplasm. 

image of prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotes have a very well defined core i.e. nucleus, in which nuclear material (chromosomes or DNA) is encased in two fold nuclear membrane.


image of eukaryotic cell

Living organisms acquiring prokaryotic cells are called Prokaryotes and those possessing eukaryotic cells are called Eukaryotes. Prokaryotes take account of bacteria and blue green alga. Eukaryotes comprise all other unicellular or multicellular creatures for instance animals, plants, fungi and Protista.


Prokaryotic cells for the most part are a shortage of many of the membrane bounded structures found in eukaryotic cells. For instance, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplasts and Golgi apparatus are not present in prokaryotic cells. As there is no nuclear membrane, a prokaryotic cell has no distinct core nucleus and its DNA molecule is directly submerged in cytoplasm. Prokaryotes have little estimated ribosomes 70s contrasted with eukaryotes 80s.

70S prokaryotic ribosome
Eukaryotes have larger sized ribosomes of 80S. They are composed of two parts i.e. 60S and 40S.

80S eukaryotic ribosome

In prokaryotes, mitosis is missing and the cell reproduces by binary fission. As a consequence of their simpler structure, it was generally accepted for quite a while that prokaryotic cells speak to a more primitive phase of development than eukaryotic cells. Perhaps the most distinguishing feature of the prokaryotic cell is that its cell divider composed of polysaccharide chains which are covalently bounded to shorter chains of amino acids structuring peptidoglycan or murein. The entire cell wall is viewed as a single and solitary enormous particle or sub-atomic complex called sacculus. The cell wall of plants for the most part is composed of cellulose and is distinctively structured than that of a bacterium.
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EVENTS HAPPENING DURING OPENING AND CLOSING OF STOMATA

EVENTS DURING OPENING AND CLOSING OF STOMATA:

There is some changing in the chemistry of Stomata which results in the opening and closing of stomata. Following are the events which occur resulting the opening and closing of stomata.

  • While opening of stomata, Hydrogen ions (H+) which are present in the guard cells are pumped out of the guard cells resulting in the lowering of positive charge and accumulation of negative charge in the guard cells.
  • Due to this lowering of positive charge in guard cells, Potassium ions (K+) enter the guard cells.
  • Due to this, Osmotic pressure in the guard cells is lowered, which attracts the water to enter into the cell.
  • Starch in the chloroplast is converted into Malate ions.

Closed and Open Stomata

Closing:

Opposite of all above points results in closure of stomata cells.
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Monday, March 16, 2015

Difference between kawasaki and scarlet fever

Kawasaki disease include: (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome)


Definition : Kawasaki disease is a vasculitis of medium-sized arteries that affects very young children (usually 12-24 months of age).

cause is unknown

Features:
1. Fever more than 5 days - even after aspirin
2. Bilateral conjunctivitis
3. Lymphadenopathy
4. Cutaneous involvement
1. Oropharyngeal: Erythema of the palatine mucosa, fissured erythematous lips, “strawberry” tongue
2. Peripheral extremities: Edema of hands and feet, erythema of palms and soles, desquamation of the fingertips (periungual)
3. Generalized rash: Polymorphous (usually urticarial) erythematous rash beginning on the extremities and moving to the trunk (centri petal spread)

Complication: Formation of coronary artery aneurysms is the most serious complication of Kawasaki disease.

Scarlet fever : 

Causes : Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci) --Toxigenic

Features:

scarlet rash with Sand paper like texture ,circumoral pallor.

Complication: Septic complications

Aspirin helps to reduce fever

Similarity : Strawberry tongue
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Sunday, March 15, 2015

IONS MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS

IONS MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS

ION

         is an atom that has a positive or negative charge
                because it has unequal numbers of protons and electrons. 

        if an atom either gives up or gains electrons it becomes an ion.

IONIZATION

                is the process of givimg up or gaining electrons.

SYMBOL

         By writing the chemical symbol followed by the number of its positive or negative charges.

           eg.  Ca 2+  - stands for a calcium ion that has 2 positive charges, because it has lost 2 electrons. 

MOLECULE

The resulting combination when two or more  atoms shar electrons

             a. may consists of 2 atoms of the same kind

        eg. 
                O2-  a molecule of oxygen contains 2 atoms of oxygen.

             b.  may consists of 2 or more different kinds of atoms

eg. 
     Water- H2O-
       1 atom of  oxygen shares electrons with 2 atoms of  hydrogen

MOLECULAR FORMULA

Indicates the elements and the number of atoms of each element that make up a molecule.

eg.  
       O2-  a molecule of oxygen contains 2 atoms of oxygen.

COMPOUND

           Is a substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements

Most of the atoms inthe body are joined into compounds.

eg. H2O, Nacl

But a molecule of oxygen is not a compound because it consists of atoms of only one element.

FREE RADICAL

            Is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms with  an unpaired electrons in the outer most shell.

            having an unpaired electron  makes free radical 
                                                                                     unstable
                                                                                   highly reactive
                                                         destructive to nearby molecules

 
eg.  superoxide  O2-
         is formed by the addition of an electron to an oxygen molecule.     

Free radicals become stable by 
                         either giving up their unpaired electron to another  molecule
                                              OR
                         taking on an electron from another molecule.  
 
 In doing so , free radicle may break apart important body molecules.
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Monday, March 9, 2015

Astronomy in the Bible The Watchers and the Ohio Valley Earthworks and Giants

Astronomy in the Bible, The Watchers, and the Ohio Valley Earthworks and Giants




     Is Theres a connection between the stargazers of the Nephilim, the Bible and the Earthworks in the Ohio Valley? We may never have a definitive answer to the question, but given that a Giant race once inhabited the Ohio Valley whose origin point to the Biblical Levant, we cannot dismiss that the mound builders astrology was nearly identical. 
Though dismissed by the church, astrology has left an indelible imprint on the scriptures of the Bible. Isaiah 14:13I will raise my throne above the stars of God, And I will sit on the mount of assembly In the recesses of the north.” This is a references to the North Star from which all other stars revolve in the night sky. The origin of the word “El” is from the Sumerian word “Ool” that means toturn.”It is God who turns the fabric of the heavens.



   The Bible also teaches that God arranged the stars into recognizable groups that we call constellations. Genesis 1:14 And God said, "Let there be lights in the vault of the sky toseparate the day from the night, and let them serve as signs to mark sacred times, and days and years.
Early Hebrew mystics organized the constellations into Archangels who were also described as Watchers known as Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, and Auriel. In the Books of Enoch, the Watchers were sent to Earth to teach law and justice to humankind. The Watchers were also interpreted as the Fallen Angels which magicians call forth in ceremonial magic.
   In the Book of Enoch, he is taught by angels of the constellations, "I beheld the celestial stars come forth. I numbered them as they proceeded out of the gate, and wrote them all down, as they came out one by one according to their number. I wrote down their names altogether, their times and their seasons, as the angel Uriel, who was with me, pointed them out to me. He showed them all to me and wrote down an account of them. He also wrote down for me their names, their regulations and their operations."(Enoch 32:2-3).




    The Amorites, (who were the accounted giants in the Bible) from Babylon followed an astronomy cult where there were four “Royal Stars” which were also called the Watchers. Each one of these stars "ruled" over one of the four cardinal points. The star Aldebaran, marked the Vernal Equinox, held the position of Watcher of the East. Regulus, marking the Summer Solstice, was Watcher of the South. Antares, marking the Autumn Equinox, was Watcher of the West. Fomalhaut, marking the Winter Solstice, was Watcher of the North. The Watchers were venerated as gods who guarded the Heavens and Earth.
     Theorizing that the giant race in the Ohio Valley have their origins with the Amorites or Nephilim from the Levant, can we draw astrological parallels with the alignments of the earthworks in the Ohio Valley? Were these alignments part of the ceremonial magic performed by the mound builders magicians? 
     The study of astrological alignments within the Adena, Hopewell earthworks is in its infancy. It has only been in the last 10 years that Archaeologists even recognized the solar and lunar alignments within the orientations of the earth-works in the Ohio Valley. One of the Most profound alignments are found with Fomalhaut that was used in both the construction of the Hopewell Road and at the Great Circle Mound at Mounds State Park in Anderson, Indiana.
     The Hopewell Road was two parallel berms of earth about 3 feet in height and 200 feet wide. The road ran from the Octagon at Newark to Chillicothe, Ohio some 60 miles distant. The direction of the road was oriented 211° 25’ from Newark to High Bank)


The Hopewell Road is aligned to the setting of the bright star Fomalhaut as mouth of the Southern Fish, Piscis Austrinus. This star governs the winter solstice, so like Jesus it contains the hope of being reborn.From “Google Earth,” a section of the Hopewell Road is still visible near the Octagon.

Hopewell Road
POSSIBLE ASTRONOMICAL REFERENCES IN THE PLANNING OF THE GREAT HOPEWELL ROAD
Giulio Magli, Dipartimento di Matematica del Politecnico di Milano Italy .
At azimuth 211° 25’, an observer looking south-west with a flat horizon would have seen the bright star Fomalhaut, of the constellation Piscis Austrinus, setting in alignment with the road. The
alignment is optimal around 250 BC. At this date, Fomalhaut was setting at an azimuth of 211° 25’
withan altitude of 1°”



(AquariasIn Babylonian times, the constellation Aquarius represented a man, probably the God Enki, which poured water into the mouth of the Piscis Australis. An ancient constellation, Piscis Austrinus represents the Babylonian fish-god Oannes, who came to Earth to teach humans how to become civilized.  In this myth, there is a reference to the Great Deluge which supposedly happened upon Earth.  This is the Great Deluge also portrayed in the Bible in the story of Noah.
It is also of interest that, Time is separated into ages. These ages last approximately 2,000 years. We are now at the begining of the Aquarian Age (December 21, 2012).


The alignment of Fomalhaut rising can also be found at Mounds State Park, along with alignments with Aldebaran, Antaris and Rigel. Fomalhaut The setting is also aligned to the Winter Solstice sunset.

There hundreds of accounts of giant skeletons in the Ohio Valley, the following are those found in and near Mounds State Park, in Anderson, Indiana. 

Lima Daily News, (Lima Ohio) July 27, 1892
May Buy The Mounds
Congress To Purchase Prehistoric Works
(Anderson, Ind., Letter)
Recently, while making an excavation near the mounds, workmen who did not appreciate the find suddenly came upon a composition, which resembled a baked cement or clay. It was round and secure.  They broke into it and found they had opened a hermetically sealed cave, which resembles greatly our cisterns of the present day. It was dry as a powder-house, and the air, which came from its recesses, was sickening and tainted with great age. Here in this small receptacle, scarcely large enough to hold more, were found six skeletons in a sitting position. All six skeletons in a sitting position. All were propped up evidently when first put in. When the fresh air came rolling in they crumbled to pieces and but for a few bones which remain no trace is left of this remarkable find. The bones that are saved, however, indicate a people who were very large-decidedlylarger than those of the present day. Parts of the skulls showed that the heads were very large also-the foreheads were very large.
There can be little doubt that this find is closely connected with the mounds and that the skeletons were those of mound builders. It is claimed a similar discovery was made some years ago near the mounds, and that this proves convincingly that mound builders were the occupants of the cells.


Giant Skeletons Found. 
Goshen Daily News, Saturday, November, 26, 1892
ANDERSON, Ind., Nov. 36.—John Beal, a farmer living in the north part of this county, found some giant human skeletons while digging a hole in his field Friday. There were a half dozen skulls of gigantic size. The skeletons were those of men who in their lifetime must have been at least 9 feet in height.

     Is it all connected?  If not, it is certainly some odd coincidences, if not the alignments themselves, the obvious importance of the stellar alignments and the efforts of the mound builders to venerate these events.







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